{
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   "id": "cee3d0af",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
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   "source": [
    "# Introduction to R and jupyter notebook\n",
    "\n",
    "In order to illustrate the use of `jupyter notebook` and `R`, let us prepare for the next lecture using a `notebook`.\n",
    "\n",
    "Notebooks run online (here on [syzygy.ca](syzygy.ca)). It uses two (mainly) types of \"cells\". A cell like this one is a text cell. Text is formatted using `markdown`, which is a simple text description language yet has relatively powerful capabilities. See [here](https://www.markdownguide.org/getting-started/) for details, for instance."
   ]
  },
  {
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   "id": "8245d9f0",
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# This is an R code cell \n",
    "# The sign \"#\" is used for comments in R, so these lines do nothing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a8e10089",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "This is a markdown cell."
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1b424914",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "-"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Cells are evaluated by pressing Shift+Enter or Ctrl+Enter. This current one is an evaluated markdown cell, the one just above is an unevaluated markdown cell, the first an R cell (evaluated or not, since it is only a comment, it is hard to tell the difference)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "37b28f53",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Grabing the Canadian census data\n",
    "\n",
    "To illustrate the method, we will consider the evolution of the population of Canada through time. For this, we will grab the census data. We search for \"canada historical census data csv\", since `csv` (comma separated values) is a very easy format to use with `R`. [Here](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-516-x/sectiona/4147436-eng.htm), we find a `csv` for 1851 to 1976. We follow the link to Table A2-14, where we find another link, this time to a `csv` file. This is what we use in `R`.\n",
    "\n",
    "The function `read.csv` reads in a file (potentially directly from the web). We assign the result to the variable `data`. We then use the function `head` to show the first few lines in the result."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "b37083a8",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
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    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "<caption>A data.frame: 6 × 23</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>X</th><th scope=col>Series.A2.14.</th><th scope=col>Population.of.Canada..by.province..census.dates..1851.to.1976</th><th scope=col>X.1</th><th scope=col>X.2</th><th scope=col>X.3</th><th scope=col>X.4</th><th scope=col>X.5</th><th scope=col>X.6</th><th scope=col>X.7</th><th scope=col>⋯</th><th scope=col>X.11</th><th scope=col>X.12</th><th scope=col>X.13</th><th scope=col>X.14</th><th scope=col>X.15</th><th scope=col>X.16</th><th scope=col>X.17</th><th scope=col>X.18</th><th scope=col>X.19</th><th scope=col>X.20</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>⋯</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;lgl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>      </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>      </td><td>NA</td><td>      </td><td>         </td><td>      </td><td>⋯</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>        </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>           </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>NA</td><td>Year</td><td>Canada</td><td>NA</td><td>Newfound-</td><td>Prince</td><td>NA</td><td>Nova  </td><td>New      </td><td>Quebec</td><td>⋯</td><td>Saskat-</td><td>NA</td><td>Alberta</td><td>NA</td><td>British </td><td>NA</td><td>Yukon    </td><td>Northwest  </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>      </td><td>NA</td><td>land     </td><td>Edward</td><td>NA</td><td>Scotia</td><td>Brunswick</td><td>      </td><td>⋯</td><td>chewan </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>Columbia</td><td>NA</td><td>Territory</td><td>Territories</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>      </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>Island</td><td>NA</td><td>      </td><td>         </td><td>      </td><td>⋯</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>        </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>           </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>2     </td><td>NA</td><td>3        </td><td>4     </td><td>NA</td><td>5     </td><td>6        </td><td>7     </td><td>⋯</td><td>10     </td><td>NA</td><td>11     </td><td>NA</td><td>12      </td><td>NA</td><td>13       </td><td>14         </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>      </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>      </td><td>NA</td><td>      </td><td>         </td><td>      </td><td>⋯</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>        </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>           </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.frame: 6 × 23\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllllllllllllll}\n",
       "  & X & Series.A2.14. & Population.of.Canada..by.province..census.dates..1851.to.1976 & X.1 & X.2 & X.3 & X.4 & X.5 & X.6 & X.7 & ⋯ & X.11 & X.12 & X.13 & X.14 & X.15 & X.16 & X.17 & X.18 & X.19 & X.20\\\\\n",
       "  & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <chr> & ⋯ & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <int> & <lgl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & NA &      &        & NA &           &        & NA &        &           &        & ⋯ &         & NA &         & NA &          & NA &           &             & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t2 & NA & Year & Canada & NA & Newfound- & Prince & NA & Nova   & New       & Quebec & ⋯ & Saskat- & NA & Alberta & NA & British  & NA & Yukon     & Northwest   & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t3 & NA &      &        & NA & land      & Edward & NA & Scotia & Brunswick &        & ⋯ & chewan  & NA &         & NA & Columbia & NA & Territory & Territories & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t4 & NA &      &        & NA &           & Island & NA &        &           &        & ⋯ &         & NA &         & NA &          & NA &           &             & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & NA &      & 2      & NA & 3         & 4      & NA & 5      & 6         & 7      & ⋯ & 10      & NA & 11      & NA & 12       & NA & 13        & 14          & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t6 & NA &      &        & NA &           &        & NA &        &           &        & ⋯ &         & NA &         & NA &          & NA &           &             & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.frame: 6 × 23\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | X &lt;int&gt; | Series.A2.14. &lt;chr&gt; | Population.of.Canada..by.province..census.dates..1851.to.1976 &lt;chr&gt; | X.1 &lt;int&gt; | X.2 &lt;chr&gt; | X.3 &lt;chr&gt; | X.4 &lt;int&gt; | X.5 &lt;chr&gt; | X.6 &lt;chr&gt; | X.7 &lt;chr&gt; | ⋯ ⋯ | X.11 &lt;chr&gt; | X.12 &lt;int&gt; | X.13 &lt;chr&gt; | X.14 &lt;int&gt; | X.15 &lt;chr&gt; | X.16 &lt;int&gt; | X.17 &lt;chr&gt; | X.18 &lt;chr&gt; | X.19 &lt;int&gt; | X.20 &lt;lgl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | <!----> | ⋯ | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 2 | NA | Year | Canada | NA | Newfound- | Prince | NA | Nova   | New       | Quebec | ⋯ | Saskat- | NA | Alberta | NA | British  | NA | Yukon     | Northwest   | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 3 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | land      | Edward | NA | Scotia | Brunswick | <!----> | ⋯ | chewan  | NA | <!----> | NA | Columbia | NA | Territory | Territories | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 4 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | Island | NA | <!----> | <!----> | <!----> | ⋯ | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 5 | NA | <!----> | 2      | NA | 3         | 4      | NA | 5      | 6         | 7      | ⋯ | 10      | NA | 11      | NA | 12       | NA | 13        | 14          | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 6 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | <!----> | ⋯ | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | NA |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  X  Series.A2.14.\n",
       "1 NA              \n",
       "2 NA Year         \n",
       "3 NA              \n",
       "4 NA              \n",
       "5 NA              \n",
       "6 NA              \n",
       "  Population.of.Canada..by.province..census.dates..1851.to.1976 X.1 X.2      \n",
       "1                                                               NA           \n",
       "2 Canada                                                        NA  Newfound-\n",
       "3                                                               NA  land     \n",
       "4                                                               NA           \n",
       "5 2                                                             NA  3        \n",
       "6                                                               NA           \n",
       "  X.3    X.4 X.5    X.6       X.7    ⋯ X.11    X.12 X.13    X.14 X.15     X.16\n",
       "1        NA                          ⋯         NA           NA            NA  \n",
       "2 Prince NA  Nova   New       Quebec ⋯ Saskat- NA   Alberta NA   British  NA  \n",
       "3 Edward NA  Scotia Brunswick        ⋯ chewan  NA           NA   Columbia NA  \n",
       "4 Island NA                          ⋯         NA           NA            NA  \n",
       "5 4      NA  5      6         7      ⋯ 10      NA   11      NA   12       NA  \n",
       "6        NA                          ⋯         NA           NA            NA  \n",
       "  X.17      X.18        X.19 X.20\n",
       "1                       NA   NA  \n",
       "2 Yukon     Northwest   NA   NA  \n",
       "3 Territory Territories NA   NA  \n",
       "4                       NA   NA  \n",
       "5 13        14          NA   NA  \n",
       "6                       NA   NA  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_old = read.csv(\"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11-516-x/sectiona/A2_14-eng.csv?st=L7vSnqio\")\n",
    "head(data_old)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "183ca6b1",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Obviously, this does not make a lot of sense. This is normal: take a look at the first few lines in the file. They take the form\n",
    "```\n",
    ",Series A2-14.,\"Population of Canada, by province, census dates, 1851 to 1976\",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,\n",
    ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,\n",
    ",Year,Canada,,Newfound-,Prince,,Nova,New,Quebec,Ontario, Manitoba,,Saskat-,,Alberta,,British,,Yukon,Northwest,,\n",
    ",,,,land,Edward,,Scotia,Brunswick,,,,,chewan,,,,Columbia,,Territory,Territories,,\n",
    ",,,,,Island,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,\n",
    ",,2,,3,4,,5,6,7,8,9,,10,,11,,12,,13,14,,\n",
    ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "c40d15fd",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "This happens often: the first few lines are here to set the information, they lay out a simple version of the so-called *metadata*\n",
    "\n",
    "- The first line here does this; it is easy to deal with this: the function `read.csv` takes the optional argument `skip=`, which indicates how many lines to skip at the beginning\n",
    "- The second line is also empty, so let us skip it too"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
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   "id": "241a052c",
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    "scrolled": true,
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     "slide_type": "slide"
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    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "<caption>A data.frame: 6 × 23</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>X</th><th scope=col>Year</th><th scope=col>Canada</th><th scope=col>X.1</th><th scope=col>Newfound.</th><th scope=col>Prince</th><th scope=col>X.2</th><th scope=col>Nova</th><th scope=col>New</th><th scope=col>Quebec</th><th scope=col>⋯</th><th scope=col>Saskat.</th><th scope=col>X.4</th><th scope=col>Alberta</th><th scope=col>X.5</th><th scope=col>British</th><th scope=col>X.6</th><th scope=col>Yukon</th><th scope=col>Northwest</th><th scope=col>X.7</th><th scope=col>X.8</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>⋯</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;int&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;lgl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>          </td><td>NA</td><td>land   </td><td>Edward </td><td>NA</td><td>Scotia </td><td>Brunswick</td><td>         </td><td>⋯</td><td>chewan </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>NA</td><td>Columbia </td><td>NA</td><td>Territory</td><td>Territories</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>          </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>Island </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>         </td><td>         </td><td>⋯</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>           </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>2         </td><td>NA</td><td>3      </td><td>4      </td><td>NA</td><td>5      </td><td>6        </td><td>7        </td><td>⋯</td><td>10     </td><td>NA</td><td>11       </td><td>NA</td><td>12       </td><td>NA</td><td>13       </td><td>14         </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>          </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>         </td><td>         </td><td>⋯</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>           </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>NA</td><td>1976</td><td>22,992,604</td><td>NA</td><td>557,725</td><td>118,229</td><td>NA</td><td>828,571</td><td>677,250  </td><td>6,234,445</td><td>⋯</td><td>921,323</td><td>NA</td><td>1,838,037</td><td>NA</td><td>2,466,608</td><td>NA</td><td>21,836   </td><td>42,609     </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>NA</td><td>    </td><td>          </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>       </td><td>         </td><td>         </td><td>⋯</td><td>       </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>NA</td><td>         </td><td>           </td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.frame: 6 × 23\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllllllllllllll}\n",
       "  & X & Year & Canada & X.1 & Newfound. & Prince & X.2 & Nova & New & Quebec & ⋯ & Saskat. & X.4 & Alberta & X.5 & British & X.6 & Yukon & Northwest & X.7 & X.8\\\\\n",
       "  & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <chr> & ⋯ & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <int> & <chr> & <chr> & <int> & <lgl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & NA &      &            & NA & land    & Edward  & NA & Scotia  & Brunswick &           & ⋯ & chewan  & NA &           & NA & Columbia  & NA & Territory & Territories & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t2 & NA &      &            & NA &         & Island  & NA &         &           &           & ⋯ &         & NA &           & NA &           & NA &           &             & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t3 & NA &      & 2          & NA & 3       & 4       & NA & 5       & 6         & 7         & ⋯ & 10      & NA & 11        & NA & 12        & NA & 13        & 14          & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t4 & NA &      &            & NA &         &         & NA &         &           &           & ⋯ &         & NA &           & NA &           & NA &           &             & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & NA & 1976 & 22,992,604 & NA & 557,725 & 118,229 & NA & 828,571 & 677,250   & 6,234,445 & ⋯ & 921,323 & NA & 1,838,037 & NA & 2,466,608 & NA & 21,836    & 42,609      & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t6 & NA &      &            & NA &         &         & NA &         &           &           & ⋯ &         & NA &           & NA &           & NA &           &             & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.frame: 6 × 23\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | X &lt;int&gt; | Year &lt;chr&gt; | Canada &lt;chr&gt; | X.1 &lt;int&gt; | Newfound. &lt;chr&gt; | Prince &lt;chr&gt; | X.2 &lt;int&gt; | Nova &lt;chr&gt; | New &lt;chr&gt; | Quebec &lt;chr&gt; | ⋯ ⋯ | Saskat. &lt;chr&gt; | X.4 &lt;int&gt; | Alberta &lt;chr&gt; | X.5 &lt;int&gt; | British &lt;chr&gt; | X.6 &lt;int&gt; | Yukon &lt;chr&gt; | Northwest &lt;chr&gt; | X.7 &lt;int&gt; | X.8 &lt;lgl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | land    | Edward  | NA | Scotia  | Brunswick | <!----> | ⋯ | chewan  | NA | <!----> | NA | Columbia  | NA | Territory | Territories | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 2 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | Island  | NA | <!----> | <!----> | <!----> | ⋯ | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 3 | NA | <!----> | 2          | NA | 3       | 4       | NA | 5       | 6         | 7         | ⋯ | 10      | NA | 11        | NA | 12        | NA | 13        | 14          | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 4 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | <!----> | ⋯ | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 5 | NA | 1976 | 22,992,604 | NA | 557,725 | 118,229 | NA | 828,571 | 677,250   | 6,234,445 | ⋯ | 921,323 | NA | 1,838,037 | NA | 2,466,608 | NA | 21,836    | 42,609      | NA | NA |\n",
       "| 6 | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | <!----> | ⋯ | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | NA | <!----> | <!----> | NA | NA |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  X  Year Canada     X.1 Newfound. Prince  X.2 Nova    New       Quebec    ⋯\n",
       "1 NA                 NA  land      Edward  NA  Scotia  Brunswick           ⋯\n",
       "2 NA                 NA            Island  NA                              ⋯\n",
       "3 NA      2          NA  3         4       NA  5       6         7         ⋯\n",
       "4 NA                 NA                    NA                              ⋯\n",
       "5 NA 1976 22,992,604 NA  557,725   118,229 NA  828,571 677,250   6,234,445 ⋯\n",
       "6 NA                 NA                    NA                              ⋯\n",
       "  Saskat. X.4 Alberta   X.5 British   X.6 Yukon     Northwest   X.7 X.8\n",
       "1 chewan  NA            NA  Columbia  NA  Territory Territories NA  NA \n",
       "2         NA            NA            NA                        NA  NA \n",
       "3 10      NA  11        NA  12        NA  13        14          NA  NA \n",
       "4         NA            NA            NA                        NA  NA \n",
       "5 921,323 NA  1,838,037 NA  2,466,608 NA  21,836    42,609      NA  NA \n",
       "6         NA            NA            NA                        NA  NA "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_old = read.csv(\"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11-516-x/sectiona/A2_14-eng.csv?st=L7vSnqio\",\n",
    "                    skip = 2)\n",
    "head(data_old)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "02153393",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Here, there is the further issue that to make things legible, the table authors used 3 rows (from 2 to 4) to encode for long names (*e.g.*, Prince Edward Island is written over 3 rows). Note, however, that `read.csv` has rightly picked up on the first row being the column names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bda07fcf",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Because we are only interested in the total population of the country and the year, let us simply get rid of the first 4 rows and of all columns except the second (**Year**) and third (**Canada**)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "34a4f9c6",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "<caption>A data.frame: 25 × 2</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>Year</th><th scope=col>Canada</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>1976                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>22,992,604</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>7</th><td>1971                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>21,568,311</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>8</th><td>1966                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>20,014,880</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>9</th><td>1961                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>18,238,247</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>10</th><td>1956                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>16,080,791</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>11</th><td>1951                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>14,009,429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>12</th><td>                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>13</th><td>1941                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>11,506,655</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>14</th><td>1931                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>10,376,786</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>15</th><td>1921                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>8,787,949 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>16</th><td>1911                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>7,206,643 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>17</th><td>1901                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>5,371,315 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>18</th><td>                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>19</th><td>1891                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>4,833,239 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>20</th><td>1881                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>4,324,810 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>21</th><td>1871                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>3,689,257 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>22</th><td>1861                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>3,229,633 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>23</th><td>1851                                                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>2,436,297 </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>24</th><td>                                                                                                                                                                                                                 </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>25</th><td>Includes 485 members of the Royal Canadian Navy whose province of residence is not known.                                                                                                                        </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>26</th><td>Included with Northwest Territories.                                                                                                                                                                             </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>27</th><td>For the discussion of the ambiguities and under-enumeration contained in these figures consult the notes to series A2-14 in original volume. For completeness of enumeration in censuses of 1961 and later years,</td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>28</th><td>see notes to series A15-53.                                                                                                                                                                                      </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>29</th><td>1848 figure.                                                                                                                                                                                                     </td><td>          </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.frame: 25 × 2\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & Year & Canada\\\\\n",
       "  & <chr> & <chr>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t5 & 1976                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 22,992,604\\\\\n",
       "\t6 &                                                                                                                                                                                                                   &           \\\\\n",
       "\t7 & 1971                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 21,568,311\\\\\n",
       "\t8 & 1966                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 20,014,880\\\\\n",
       "\t9 & 1961                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 18,238,247\\\\\n",
       "\t10 & 1956                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 16,080,791\\\\\n",
       "\t11 & 1951                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 14,009,429\\\\\n",
       "\t12 &                                                                                                                                                                                                                   &           \\\\\n",
       "\t13 & 1941                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 11,506,655\\\\\n",
       "\t14 & 1931                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 10,376,786\\\\\n",
       "\t15 & 1921                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 8,787,949 \\\\\n",
       "\t16 & 1911                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 7,206,643 \\\\\n",
       "\t17 & 1901                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 5,371,315 \\\\\n",
       "\t18 &                                                                                                                                                                                                                   &           \\\\\n",
       "\t19 & 1891                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 4,833,239 \\\\\n",
       "\t20 & 1881                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 4,324,810 \\\\\n",
       "\t21 & 1871                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 3,689,257 \\\\\n",
       "\t22 & 1861                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 3,229,633 \\\\\n",
       "\t23 & 1851                                                                                                                                                                                                              & 2,436,297 \\\\\n",
       "\t24 &                                                                                                                                                                                                                   &           \\\\\n",
       "\t25 & Includes 485 members of the Royal Canadian Navy whose province of residence is not known.                                                                                                                         &           \\\\\n",
       "\t26 & Included with Northwest Territories.                                                                                                                                                                              &           \\\\\n",
       "\t27 & For the discussion of the ambiguities and under-enumeration contained in these figures consult the notes to series A2-14 in original volume. For completeness of enumeration in censuses of 1961 and later years, &           \\\\\n",
       "\t28 & see notes to series A15-53.                                                                                                                                                                                       &           \\\\\n",
       "\t29 & 1848 figure.                                                                                                                                                                                                      &           \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.frame: 25 × 2\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Year &lt;chr&gt; | Canada &lt;chr&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 5 | 1976                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 22,992,604 |\n",
       "| 6 | <!----> | <!----> |\n",
       "| 7 | 1971                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 21,568,311 |\n",
       "| 8 | 1966                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 20,014,880 |\n",
       "| 9 | 1961                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 18,238,247 |\n",
       "| 10 | 1956                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 16,080,791 |\n",
       "| 11 | 1951                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 14,009,429 |\n",
       "| 12 | <!----> | <!----> |\n",
       "| 13 | 1941                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 11,506,655 |\n",
       "| 14 | 1931                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 10,376,786 |\n",
       "| 15 | 1921                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 8,787,949  |\n",
       "| 16 | 1911                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 7,206,643  |\n",
       "| 17 | 1901                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 5,371,315  |\n",
       "| 18 | <!----> | <!----> |\n",
       "| 19 | 1891                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 4,833,239  |\n",
       "| 20 | 1881                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 4,324,810  |\n",
       "| 21 | 1871                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 3,689,257  |\n",
       "| 22 | 1861                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 3,229,633  |\n",
       "| 23 | 1851                                                                                                                                                                                                              | 2,436,297  |\n",
       "| 24 | <!----> | <!----> |\n",
       "| 25 | Includes 485 members of the Royal Canadian Navy whose province of residence is not known.                                                                                                                         | <!----> |\n",
       "| 26 | Included with Northwest Territories.                                                                                                                                                                              | <!----> |\n",
       "| 27 | For the discussion of the ambiguities and under-enumeration contained in these figures consult the notes to series A2-14 in original volume. For completeness of enumeration in censuses of 1961 and later years, | <!----> |\n",
       "| 28 | see notes to series A15-53.                                                                                                                                                                                       | <!----> |\n",
       "| 29 | 1848 figure.                                                                                                                                                                                                      | <!----> |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Year                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "5  1976                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "6                                                                                                                                                                                                                   \n",
       "7  1971                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "8  1966                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "9  1961                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "10 1956                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "11 1951                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "12                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n",
       "13 1941                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "14 1931                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "15 1921                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "16 1911                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "17 1901                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "18                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n",
       "19 1891                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "20 1881                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "21 1871                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "22 1861                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "23 1851                                                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "24                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n",
       "25 Includes 485 members of the Royal Canadian Navy whose province of residence is not known.                                                                                                                        \n",
       "26 Included with Northwest Territories.                                                                                                                                                                             \n",
       "27 For the discussion of the ambiguities and under-enumeration contained in these figures consult the notes to series A2-14 in original volume. For completeness of enumeration in censuses of 1961 and later years,\n",
       "28 see notes to series A15-53.                                                                                                                                                                                      \n",
       "29 1848 figure.                                                                                                                                                                                                     \n",
       "   Canada    \n",
       "5  22,992,604\n",
       "6            \n",
       "7  21,568,311\n",
       "8  20,014,880\n",
       "9  18,238,247\n",
       "10 16,080,791\n",
       "11 14,009,429\n",
       "12           \n",
       "13 11,506,655\n",
       "14 10,376,786\n",
       "15 8,787,949 \n",
       "16 7,206,643 \n",
       "17 5,371,315 \n",
       "18           \n",
       "19 4,833,239 \n",
       "20 4,324,810 \n",
       "21 3,689,257 \n",
       "22 3,229,633 \n",
       "23 2,436,297 \n",
       "24           \n",
       "25           \n",
       "26           \n",
       "27           \n",
       "28           \n",
       "29           "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_old = data_old[5:dim(data_old)[1], 2:3]\n",
    "data_old"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3c2c7b61",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Still not perfect: \n",
    "1. there are some empty rows;\n",
    "2. the last few rows need to be removed too, they contain remarks about the data;\n",
    "3. the population counts contain commas;\n",
    "4. it would be better if years were increasing.\n",
    "\n",
    "Let us fix these issues."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "03115ef9",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "For 1 and 2, this is easy: remark that the **Canada** column is empty for both issues. Now remark as well that below **Canada** (and **Year**, for that matter), it is written **< chr >**. This means that entries in the column are `characters`. Looking for empty content therefore means looking for empty character chains. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b5baf3ec",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- So to fix 1 and 2, we keep the rows where **Canada** does not equal the empty chain.\n",
    "\n",
    "- To get rid of commas, we just need to substitute an empty chain for \",\".\n",
    "    \n",
    "- To sort, we find the order for the years and apply it to the entire table.\n",
    "    \n",
    "- Finally, as remarked above, for now, both the year and the population are considered as character chains. This means that in order to plot anything, we will have to indicate that these are numbers, not characters."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "96a251be",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "<caption>A data.frame: 16 × 2</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>Year</th><th scope=col>Canada</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>23</th><td>1851</td><td> 2436297</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>22</th><td>1861</td><td> 3229633</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>21</th><td>1871</td><td> 3689257</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>20</th><td>1881</td><td> 4324810</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>19</th><td>1891</td><td> 4833239</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>17</th><td>1901</td><td> 5371315</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>16</th><td>1911</td><td> 7206643</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>15</th><td>1921</td><td> 8787949</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>14</th><td>1931</td><td>10376786</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>13</th><td>1941</td><td>11506655</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>11</th><td>1951</td><td>14009429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>10</th><td>1956</td><td>16080791</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>9</th><td>1961</td><td>18238247</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>8</th><td>1966</td><td>20014880</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>7</th><td>1971</td><td>21568311</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>1976</td><td>22992604</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.frame: 16 × 2\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & Year & Canada\\\\\n",
       "  & <dbl> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t23 & 1851 &  2436297\\\\\n",
       "\t22 & 1861 &  3229633\\\\\n",
       "\t21 & 1871 &  3689257\\\\\n",
       "\t20 & 1881 &  4324810\\\\\n",
       "\t19 & 1891 &  4833239\\\\\n",
       "\t17 & 1901 &  5371315\\\\\n",
       "\t16 & 1911 &  7206643\\\\\n",
       "\t15 & 1921 &  8787949\\\\\n",
       "\t14 & 1931 & 10376786\\\\\n",
       "\t13 & 1941 & 11506655\\\\\n",
       "\t11 & 1951 & 14009429\\\\\n",
       "\t10 & 1956 & 16080791\\\\\n",
       "\t9 & 1961 & 18238247\\\\\n",
       "\t8 & 1966 & 20014880\\\\\n",
       "\t7 & 1971 & 21568311\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 1976 & 22992604\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.frame: 16 × 2\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Year &lt;dbl&gt; | Canada &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 23 | 1851 |  2436297 |\n",
       "| 22 | 1861 |  3229633 |\n",
       "| 21 | 1871 |  3689257 |\n",
       "| 20 | 1881 |  4324810 |\n",
       "| 19 | 1891 |  4833239 |\n",
       "| 17 | 1901 |  5371315 |\n",
       "| 16 | 1911 |  7206643 |\n",
       "| 15 | 1921 |  8787949 |\n",
       "| 14 | 1931 | 10376786 |\n",
       "| 13 | 1941 | 11506655 |\n",
       "| 11 | 1951 | 14009429 |\n",
       "| 10 | 1956 | 16080791 |\n",
       "| 9 | 1961 | 18238247 |\n",
       "| 8 | 1966 | 20014880 |\n",
       "| 7 | 1971 | 21568311 |\n",
       "| 5 | 1976 | 22992604 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Year Canada  \n",
       "23 1851  2436297\n",
       "22 1861  3229633\n",
       "21 1871  3689257\n",
       "20 1881  4324810\n",
       "19 1891  4833239\n",
       "17 1901  5371315\n",
       "16 1911  7206643\n",
       "15 1921  8787949\n",
       "14 1931 10376786\n",
       "13 1941 11506655\n",
       "11 1951 14009429\n",
       "10 1956 16080791\n",
       "9  1961 18238247\n",
       "8  1966 20014880\n",
       "7  1971 21568311\n",
       "5  1976 22992604"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_old = data_old[which(data_old$Canada != \"\"),]\n",
    "data_old$Canada = gsub(\",\", \"\", data_old$Canada)\n",
    "order_data = order(data_old$Year)\n",
    "data_old = data_old[order_data,]\n",
    "data_old$Year = as.numeric(data_old$Year)\n",
    "data_old$Canada = as.numeric(data_old$Canada)\n",
    "data_old"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ac38ad95",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Row numbers are a little weird, so let us fix this."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "f758e698",
   "metadata": {
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "<caption>A data.frame: 16 × 2</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>Year</th><th scope=col>Canada</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>1851</td><td> 2436297</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>1861</td><td> 3229633</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>1871</td><td> 3689257</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>1881</td><td> 4324810</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>1891</td><td> 4833239</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>1901</td><td> 5371315</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>7</th><td>1911</td><td> 7206643</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>8</th><td>1921</td><td> 8787949</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>9</th><td>1931</td><td>10376786</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>10</th><td>1941</td><td>11506655</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>11</th><td>1951</td><td>14009429</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>12</th><td>1956</td><td>16080791</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>13</th><td>1961</td><td>18238247</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>14</th><td>1966</td><td>20014880</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>15</th><td>1971</td><td>21568311</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>16</th><td>1976</td><td>22992604</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.frame: 16 × 2\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & Year & Canada\\\\\n",
       "  & <dbl> & <dbl>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 1851 &  2436297\\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 1861 &  3229633\\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 1871 &  3689257\\\\\n",
       "\t4 & 1881 &  4324810\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 1891 &  4833239\\\\\n",
       "\t6 & 1901 &  5371315\\\\\n",
       "\t7 & 1911 &  7206643\\\\\n",
       "\t8 & 1921 &  8787949\\\\\n",
       "\t9 & 1931 & 10376786\\\\\n",
       "\t10 & 1941 & 11506655\\\\\n",
       "\t11 & 1951 & 14009429\\\\\n",
       "\t12 & 1956 & 16080791\\\\\n",
       "\t13 & 1961 & 18238247\\\\\n",
       "\t14 & 1966 & 20014880\\\\\n",
       "\t15 & 1971 & 21568311\\\\\n",
       "\t16 & 1976 & 22992604\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.frame: 16 × 2\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | Year &lt;dbl&gt; | Canada &lt;dbl&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1 | 1851 |  2436297 |\n",
       "| 2 | 1861 |  3229633 |\n",
       "| 3 | 1871 |  3689257 |\n",
       "| 4 | 1881 |  4324810 |\n",
       "| 5 | 1891 |  4833239 |\n",
       "| 6 | 1901 |  5371315 |\n",
       "| 7 | 1911 |  7206643 |\n",
       "| 8 | 1921 |  8787949 |\n",
       "| 9 | 1931 | 10376786 |\n",
       "| 10 | 1941 | 11506655 |\n",
       "| 11 | 1951 | 14009429 |\n",
       "| 12 | 1956 | 16080791 |\n",
       "| 13 | 1961 | 18238247 |\n",
       "| 14 | 1966 | 20014880 |\n",
       "| 15 | 1971 | 21568311 |\n",
       "| 16 | 1976 | 22992604 |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   Year Canada  \n",
       "1  1851  2436297\n",
       "2  1861  3229633\n",
       "3  1871  3689257\n",
       "4  1881  4324810\n",
       "5  1891  4833239\n",
       "6  1901  5371315\n",
       "7  1911  7206643\n",
       "8  1921  8787949\n",
       "9  1931 10376786\n",
       "10 1941 11506655\n",
       "11 1951 14009429\n",
       "12 1956 16080791\n",
       "13 1961 18238247\n",
       "14 1966 20014880\n",
       "15 1971 21568311\n",
       "16 1976 22992604"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "row.names(data_old) = 1:dim(data_old)[1]\n",
    "data_old"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b27f3803",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Well, that looks about right! Let's see what this looks like in a graph."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "28fc0266",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "image/png": {
       "height": 420,
       "width": 420
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot(data_old$Year, data_old$Canada,\n",
    "    type = \"b\", lwd = 2,\n",
    "    xlab = \"Year\", ylab = \"Population\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3a1dc6ac",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "But wait, this is only to 1976..! Looking around, we find another table [here](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/vc-rv/index.cfm?LANG=ENG&VIEW=D&TOPIC_ID=1&GEOCODE=01&CFORMAT=html). There's a download csv link in there, let us see where this leads us. The table is 720KB, so surely there must be more to this than just the population. To get a sense of that, we dump the whole data.frame, not just its head."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "462e8627",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "<caption>A data.frame: 9960 × 5</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>GEOGRAPHY.NAME</th><th scope=col>CHARACTERISTIC</th><th scope=col>YEAR.S.</th><th scope=col>TOTAL</th><th scope=col>FLAG_TOTAL</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1956        </td><td>   16081.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1961        </td><td>   18238.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1966        </td><td>   20015.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1971        </td><td>   21568.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1976        </td><td>   22993.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1981        </td><td>   24343.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1986        </td><td>   25309.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1991        </td><td>   27297.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>1996        </td><td>   28847.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>2001        </td><td>   30007.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>2006        </td><td>   31613.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)                          </td><td>2011        </td><td>   33477.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1956 to 1961</td><td>      13.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1961 to 1966</td><td>       9.7</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1966 to 1971</td><td>       7.8</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1971 to 1976</td><td>       6.6</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1976 to 1981</td><td>       5.9</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1981 to 1986</td><td>       4.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1986 to 1991</td><td>       7.9</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1991 to 1996</td><td>       5.7</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>1996 to 2001</td><td>       4.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>2001 to 2006</td><td>       5.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Population - % change                              </td><td>2006 to 2011</td><td>       5.9</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents</td><td>1996        </td><td>10820050.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents</td><td>2001        </td><td>11562975.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents</td><td>2006        </td><td>12435520.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents</td><td>2011        </td><td>13320614.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>% of the population aged 0 to 14 years             </td><td>1921        </td><td>      34.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>% of the population aged 0 to 14 years             </td><td>1931        </td><td>      31.6</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Canada</td><td>% of the population aged 0 to 14 years             </td><td>1941        </td><td>      27.8</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td><td>⋮</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Quebec           </td><td>Population share</td><td>2001</td><td>24.1</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Quebec           </td><td>Population share</td><td>2011</td><td>23.6</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Ontario          </td><td>Population share</td><td>1951</td><td>32.8</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Ontario          </td><td>Population share</td><td>1961</td><td>34.2</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Ontario          </td><td>Population share</td><td>1971</td><td>35.7</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Ontario          </td><td>Population share</td><td>1981</td><td>35.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Ontario          </td><td>Population share</td><td>1991</td><td>36.9</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Ontario          </td><td>Population share</td><td>2001</td><td>38.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Ontario          </td><td>Population share</td><td>2011</td><td>38.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Prairie Provinces</td><td>Population share</td><td>1951</td><td>18.2</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Prairie Provinces</td><td>Population share</td><td>1961</td><td>17.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Prairie Provinces</td><td>Population share</td><td>1971</td><td>16.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Prairie Provinces</td><td>Population share</td><td>1981</td><td>17.4</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Prairie Provinces</td><td>Population share</td><td>1991</td><td>17.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Prairie Provinces</td><td>Population share</td><td>2001</td><td>16.9</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Prairie Provinces</td><td>Population share</td><td>2011</td><td>17.6</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>British Columbia </td><td>Population share</td><td>1951</td><td> 8.3</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>British Columbia </td><td>Population share</td><td>1961</td><td> 8.9</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>British Columbia </td><td>Population share</td><td>1971</td><td>10.1</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>British Columbia </td><td>Population share</td><td>1981</td><td>11.3</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>British Columbia </td><td>Population share</td><td>1991</td><td>12.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>British Columbia </td><td>Population share</td><td>2001</td><td>13.0</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>British Columbia </td><td>Population share</td><td>2011</td><td>13.1</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Territories      </td><td>Population share</td><td>1951</td><td> 0.2</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Territories      </td><td>Population share</td><td>1961</td><td> 0.2</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Territories      </td><td>Population share</td><td>1971</td><td> 0.2</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Territories      </td><td>Population share</td><td>1981</td><td> 0.3</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Territories      </td><td>Population share</td><td>1991</td><td> 0.3</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Territories      </td><td>Population share</td><td>2001</td><td> 0.3</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Territories      </td><td>Population share</td><td>2011</td><td> 0.3</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.frame: 9960 × 5\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{lllll}\n",
       " GEOGRAPHY.NAME & CHARACTERISTIC & YEAR.S. & TOTAL & FLAG\\_TOTAL\\\\\n",
       " <chr> & <chr> & <chr> & <dbl> & <chr>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1956         &    16081.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1961         &    18238.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1966         &    20015.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1971         &    21568.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1976         &    22993.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1981         &    24343.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1986         &    25309.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1991         &    27297.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 1996         &    28847.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 2001         &    30007.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 2006         &    31613.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population (in thousands)                           & 2011         &    33477.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1956 to 1961 &       13.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1961 to 1966 &        9.7 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1966 to 1971 &        7.8 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1971 to 1976 &        6.6 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1976 to 1981 &        5.9 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1981 to 1986 &        4.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1986 to 1991 &        7.9 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1991 to 1996 &        5.7 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 1996 to 2001 &        4.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 2001 to 2006 &        5.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Population - \\% change                               & 2006 to 2011 &        5.9 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents & 1996         & 10820050.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents & 2001         & 11562975.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents & 2006         & 12435520.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents & 2011         & 13320614.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & \\% of the population aged 0 to 14 years              & 1921         &       34.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & \\% of the population aged 0 to 14 years              & 1931         &       31.6 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Canada & \\% of the population aged 0 to 14 years              & 1941         &       27.8 & \\\\\n",
       "\t ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮\\\\\n",
       "\t Quebec            & Population share & 2001 & 24.1 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Quebec            & Population share & 2011 & 23.6 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Ontario           & Population share & 1951 & 32.8 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Ontario           & Population share & 1961 & 34.2 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Ontario           & Population share & 1971 & 35.7 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Ontario           & Population share & 1981 & 35.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Ontario           & Population share & 1991 & 36.9 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Ontario           & Population share & 2001 & 38.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Ontario           & Population share & 2011 & 38.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Prairie Provinces & Population share & 1951 & 18.2 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Prairie Provinces & Population share & 1961 & 17.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Prairie Provinces & Population share & 1971 & 16.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Prairie Provinces & Population share & 1981 & 17.4 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Prairie Provinces & Population share & 1991 & 17.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Prairie Provinces & Population share & 2001 & 16.9 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Prairie Provinces & Population share & 2011 & 17.6 & \\\\\n",
       "\t British Columbia  & Population share & 1951 &  8.3 & \\\\\n",
       "\t British Columbia  & Population share & 1961 &  8.9 & \\\\\n",
       "\t British Columbia  & Population share & 1971 & 10.1 & \\\\\n",
       "\t British Columbia  & Population share & 1981 & 11.3 & \\\\\n",
       "\t British Columbia  & Population share & 1991 & 12.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t British Columbia  & Population share & 2001 & 13.0 & \\\\\n",
       "\t British Columbia  & Population share & 2011 & 13.1 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Territories       & Population share & 1951 &  0.2 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Territories       & Population share & 1961 &  0.2 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Territories       & Population share & 1971 &  0.2 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Territories       & Population share & 1981 &  0.3 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Territories       & Population share & 1991 &  0.3 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Territories       & Population share & 2001 &  0.3 & \\\\\n",
       "\t Territories       & Population share & 2011 &  0.3 & \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.frame: 9960 × 5\n",
       "\n",
       "| GEOGRAPHY.NAME &lt;chr&gt; | CHARACTERISTIC &lt;chr&gt; | YEAR.S. &lt;chr&gt; | TOTAL &lt;dbl&gt; | FLAG_TOTAL &lt;chr&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1956         |    16081.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1961         |    18238.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1966         |    20015.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1971         |    21568.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1976         |    22993.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1981         |    24343.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1986         |    25309.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1991         |    27297.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 1996         |    28847.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 2001         |    30007.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 2006         |    31613.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population (in thousands)                           | 2011         |    33477.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1956 to 1961 |       13.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1961 to 1966 |        9.7 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1966 to 1971 |        7.8 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1971 to 1976 |        6.6 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1976 to 1981 |        5.9 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1981 to 1986 |        4.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1986 to 1991 |        7.9 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1991 to 1996 |        5.7 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 1996 to 2001 |        4.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 2001 to 2006 |        5.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Population - % change                               | 2006 to 2011 |        5.9 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents | 1996         | 10820050.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents | 2001         | 11562975.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents | 2006         | 12435520.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents | 2011         | 13320614.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | % of the population aged 0 to 14 years              | 1921         |       34.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | % of the population aged 0 to 14 years              | 1931         |       31.6 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Canada | % of the population aged 0 to 14 years              | 1941         |       27.8 | <!----> |\n",
       "| ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ | ⋮ |\n",
       "| Quebec            | Population share | 2001 | 24.1 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Quebec            | Population share | 2011 | 23.6 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Ontario           | Population share | 1951 | 32.8 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Ontario           | Population share | 1961 | 34.2 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Ontario           | Population share | 1971 | 35.7 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Ontario           | Population share | 1981 | 35.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Ontario           | Population share | 1991 | 36.9 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Ontario           | Population share | 2001 | 38.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Ontario           | Population share | 2011 | 38.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Prairie Provinces | Population share | 1951 | 18.2 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Prairie Provinces | Population share | 1961 | 17.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Prairie Provinces | Population share | 1971 | 16.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Prairie Provinces | Population share | 1981 | 17.4 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Prairie Provinces | Population share | 1991 | 17.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Prairie Provinces | Population share | 2001 | 16.9 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Prairie Provinces | Population share | 2011 | 17.6 | <!----> |\n",
       "| British Columbia  | Population share | 1951 |  8.3 | <!----> |\n",
       "| British Columbia  | Population share | 1961 |  8.9 | <!----> |\n",
       "| British Columbia  | Population share | 1971 | 10.1 | <!----> |\n",
       "| British Columbia  | Population share | 1981 | 11.3 | <!----> |\n",
       "| British Columbia  | Population share | 1991 | 12.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| British Columbia  | Population share | 2001 | 13.0 | <!----> |\n",
       "| British Columbia  | Population share | 2011 | 13.1 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Territories       | Population share | 1951 |  0.2 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Territories       | Population share | 1961 |  0.2 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Territories       | Population share | 1971 |  0.2 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Territories       | Population share | 1981 |  0.3 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Territories       | Population share | 1991 |  0.3 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Territories       | Population share | 2001 |  0.3 | <!----> |\n",
       "| Territories       | Population share | 2011 |  0.3 | <!----> |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     GEOGRAPHY.NAME    CHARACTERISTIC                                     \n",
       "1    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "2    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "3    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "4    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "5    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "6    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "7    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "8    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "9    Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "10   Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "11   Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "12   Canada            Population (in thousands)                          \n",
       "13   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "14   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "15   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "16   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "17   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "18   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "19   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "20   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "21   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "22   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "23   Canada            Population - % change                              \n",
       "24   Canada            Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents\n",
       "25   Canada            Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents\n",
       "26   Canada            Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents\n",
       "27   Canada            Total private dwellings occupied by usual residents\n",
       "28   Canada            % of the population aged 0 to 14 years             \n",
       "29   Canada            % of the population aged 0 to 14 years             \n",
       "30   Canada            % of the population aged 0 to 14 years             \n",
       "⋮    ⋮                 ⋮                                                  \n",
       "9931 Quebec            Population share                                   \n",
       "9932 Quebec            Population share                                   \n",
       "9933 Ontario           Population share                                   \n",
       "9934 Ontario           Population share                                   \n",
       "9935 Ontario           Population share                                   \n",
       "9936 Ontario           Population share                                   \n",
       "9937 Ontario           Population share                                   \n",
       "9938 Ontario           Population share                                   \n",
       "9939 Ontario           Population share                                   \n",
       "9940 Prairie Provinces Population share                                   \n",
       "9941 Prairie Provinces Population share                                   \n",
       "9942 Prairie Provinces Population share                                   \n",
       "9943 Prairie Provinces Population share                                   \n",
       "9944 Prairie Provinces Population share                                   \n",
       "9945 Prairie Provinces Population share                                   \n",
       "9946 Prairie Provinces Population share                                   \n",
       "9947 British Columbia  Population share                                   \n",
       "9948 British Columbia  Population share                                   \n",
       "9949 British Columbia  Population share                                   \n",
       "9950 British Columbia  Population share                                   \n",
       "9951 British Columbia  Population share                                   \n",
       "9952 British Columbia  Population share                                   \n",
       "9953 British Columbia  Population share                                   \n",
       "9954 Territories       Population share                                   \n",
       "9955 Territories       Population share                                   \n",
       "9956 Territories       Population share                                   \n",
       "9957 Territories       Population share                                   \n",
       "9958 Territories       Population share                                   \n",
       "9959 Territories       Population share                                   \n",
       "9960 Territories       Population share                                   \n",
       "     YEAR.S.      TOTAL      FLAG_TOTAL\n",
       "1    1956            16081.0           \n",
       "2    1961            18238.0           \n",
       "3    1966            20015.0           \n",
       "4    1971            21568.0           \n",
       "5    1976            22993.0           \n",
       "6    1981            24343.0           \n",
       "7    1986            25309.0           \n",
       "8    1991            27297.0           \n",
       "9    1996            28847.0           \n",
       "10   2001            30007.0           \n",
       "11   2006            31613.0           \n",
       "12   2011            33477.0           \n",
       "13   1956 to 1961       13.4           \n",
       "14   1961 to 1966        9.7           \n",
       "15   1966 to 1971        7.8           \n",
       "16   1971 to 1976        6.6           \n",
       "17   1976 to 1981        5.9           \n",
       "18   1981 to 1986        4.0           \n",
       "19   1986 to 1991        7.9           \n",
       "20   1991 to 1996        5.7           \n",
       "21   1996 to 2001        4.0           \n",
       "22   2001 to 2006        5.4           \n",
       "23   2006 to 2011        5.9           \n",
       "24   1996         10820050.0           \n",
       "25   2001         11562975.0           \n",
       "26   2006         12435520.0           \n",
       "27   2011         13320614.0           \n",
       "28   1921               34.4           \n",
       "29   1931               31.6           \n",
       "30   1941               27.8           \n",
       "⋮    ⋮            ⋮          ⋮         \n",
       "9931 2001         24.1                 \n",
       "9932 2011         23.6                 \n",
       "9933 1951         32.8                 \n",
       "9934 1961         34.2                 \n",
       "9935 1971         35.7                 \n",
       "9936 1981         35.4                 \n",
       "9937 1991         36.9                 \n",
       "9938 2001         38.0                 \n",
       "9939 2011         38.4                 \n",
       "9940 1951         18.2                 \n",
       "9941 1961         17.4                 \n",
       "9942 1971         16.4                 \n",
       "9943 1981         17.4                 \n",
       "9944 1991         17.0                 \n",
       "9945 2001         16.9                 \n",
       "9946 2011         17.6                 \n",
       "9947 1951          8.3                 \n",
       "9948 1961          8.9                 \n",
       "9949 1971         10.1                 \n",
       "9950 1981         11.3                 \n",
       "9951 1991         12.0                 \n",
       "9952 2001         13.0                 \n",
       "9953 2011         13.1                 \n",
       "9954 1951          0.2                 \n",
       "9955 1961          0.2                 \n",
       "9956 1971          0.2                 \n",
       "9957 1981          0.3                 \n",
       "9958 1991          0.3                 \n",
       "9959 2001          0.3                 \n",
       "9960 2011          0.3                 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_new = read.csv(\"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/vc-rv/download-telecharger/download-telecharger.cfm?Lang=eng&CTLG=98-315-XWE2011001&FMT=csv\")\n",
    "data_new"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "89002f5c",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Haha, this looks quite nice but has way more information than we need (we just want the population of Canada). Also, the population of Canada is expressed in thousands, so once we selected what we want, we will need to multiply by 1,000.\n",
    "\n",
    "There are many ways to select rows. Let us proceed as follows: we want the rows where the geography is \"Canada\" and the characteristic is \"Population (in thousands)\". Let us find those indices of rows that satisfy the first criterion, those that satisfy the second; if we then intersect these two sets of indices, we will have selected the rows we want."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "f116fdc1",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>\n",
       ".list-inline {list-style: none; margin:0; padding: 0}\n",
       ".list-inline>li {display: inline-block}\n",
       ".list-inline>li:not(:last-child)::after {content: \"\\00b7\"; padding: 0 .5ex}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<ol class=list-inline><li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li><li>4</li><li>5</li><li>6</li><li>7</li><li>8</li><li>9</li><li>10</li><li>11</li><li>12</li></ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 2\n",
       "3. 3\n",
       "4. 4\n",
       "5. 5\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 7\n",
       "8. 8\n",
       "9. 9\n",
       "10. 10\n",
       "11. 11\n",
       "12. 12\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "idx_CAN = which(data_new$GEOGRAPHY.NAME == \"Canada\")\n",
    "idx_char = which(data_new$CHARACTERISTIC == \"Population (in thousands)\")\n",
    "idx_keep = intersect(idx_CAN, idx_char)\n",
    "idx_keep"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "09172d01",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Yes, this looks okay, so let us keep only these."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "12b87a3d",
   "metadata": {
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "<caption>A data.frame: 12 × 5</caption>\n",
       "<thead>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>GEOGRAPHY.NAME</th><th scope=col>CHARACTERISTIC</th><th scope=col>YEAR.S.</th><th scope=col>TOTAL</th><th scope=col>FLAG_TOTAL</th></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th></th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;dbl&gt;</th><th scope=col>&lt;chr&gt;</th></tr>\n",
       "</thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1956</td><td>16081</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1961</td><td>18238</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1966</td><td>20015</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1971</td><td>21568</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1976</td><td>22993</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1981</td><td>24343</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>7</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1986</td><td>25309</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>8</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1991</td><td>27297</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>9</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>1996</td><td>28847</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>10</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>2001</td><td>30007</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>11</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>2006</td><td>31613</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>12</th><td>Canada</td><td>Population (in thousands)</td><td>2011</td><td>33477</td><td></td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "A data.frame: 12 × 5\n",
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllll}\n",
       "  & GEOGRAPHY.NAME & CHARACTERISTIC & YEAR.S. & TOTAL & FLAG\\_TOTAL\\\\\n",
       "  & <chr> & <chr> & <chr> & <dbl> & <chr>\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1956 & 16081 & \\\\\n",
       "\t2 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1961 & 18238 & \\\\\n",
       "\t3 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1966 & 20015 & \\\\\n",
       "\t4 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1971 & 21568 & \\\\\n",
       "\t5 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1976 & 22993 & \\\\\n",
       "\t6 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1981 & 24343 & \\\\\n",
       "\t7 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1986 & 25309 & \\\\\n",
       "\t8 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1991 & 27297 & \\\\\n",
       "\t9 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 1996 & 28847 & \\\\\n",
       "\t10 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 2001 & 30007 & \\\\\n",
       "\t11 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 2006 & 31613 & \\\\\n",
       "\t12 & Canada & Population (in thousands) & 2011 & 33477 & \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "A data.frame: 12 × 5\n",
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | GEOGRAPHY.NAME &lt;chr&gt; | CHARACTERISTIC &lt;chr&gt; | YEAR.S. &lt;chr&gt; | TOTAL &lt;dbl&gt; | FLAG_TOTAL &lt;chr&gt; |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1956 | 16081 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 2 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1961 | 18238 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 3 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1966 | 20015 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 4 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1971 | 21568 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 5 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1976 | 22993 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 6 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1981 | 24343 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 7 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1986 | 25309 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 8 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1991 | 27297 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 9 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 1996 | 28847 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 10 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 2001 | 30007 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 11 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 2006 | 31613 | <!----> |\n",
       "| 12 | Canada | Population (in thousands) | 2011 | 33477 | <!----> |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   GEOGRAPHY.NAME CHARACTERISTIC            YEAR.S. TOTAL FLAG_TOTAL\n",
       "1  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1956    16081           \n",
       "2  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1961    18238           \n",
       "3  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1966    20015           \n",
       "4  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1971    21568           \n",
       "5  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1976    22993           \n",
       "6  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1981    24343           \n",
       "7  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1986    25309           \n",
       "8  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1991    27297           \n",
       "9  Canada         Population (in thousands) 1996    28847           \n",
       "10 Canada         Population (in thousands) 2001    30007           \n",
       "11 Canada         Population (in thousands) 2006    31613           \n",
       "12 Canada         Population (in thousands) 2011    33477           "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_new = data_new[idx_keep,]\n",
    "data_new"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a30736ce",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "We want to concatenate this data.frame with the one from earlier. To do this, we need the two data frames to have the same number of columns and, actually, the same column names and entry types (notice that **YEAR.S.** in data_new is a column of characters). \n",
    "\n",
    "So what remains to do:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "649bf6e0",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "1. Rename the columns in the pruned old data (data_pruned) to **year** and **population**. Personally, I prefer lowercase column names.. and **population** is more informative than **Canada**.\n",
    "2. Keep only the relevant columns in data_new, rename them accordingly and multiply population by 1,000 there.\n",
    "3. Transform year in data_new to numbers.\n",
    "4. We already have data up to and including 1976 in data_old, so get rid of that in data_new.\n",
    "5. Append the rows of data_new to those of data_pruned."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "cc286223",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "colnames(data_old) = c(\"year\", \"population\")\n",
    "data_new = data_new[,c(\"YEAR.S.\",\"TOTAL\")]\n",
    "colnames(data_new) = c(\"year\", \"population\")\n",
    "data_new$year = as.numeric(data_new$year)\n",
    "data_new = data_new[which(data_new$year>1976),]\n",
    "data_new$population = data_new$population*1000\n",
    "\n",
    "data = rbind(data_old,data_new)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e3234223",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "OK, we are ready now!!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "5b69fa3d",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "image/png": {
       "height": 420,
       "width": 420
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "plot(data$year, data$population,\n",
    "    type = \"b\", lwd = 2,\n",
    "    xlab = \"Year\", ylab = \"Population\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2faad8cb",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "In case we need the data elsewhere, we can save it."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "db34ba0e",
   "metadata": {
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "r"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "write.csv(data, file = \"Canada_census.csv\")"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "celltoolbar": "Slideshow",
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "R",
   "language": "R",
   "name": "ir"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": "r",
   "file_extension": ".r",
   "mimetype": "text/x-r-source",
   "name": "R",
   "pygments_lexer": "r",
   "version": "4.3.1"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 5
}